Mrs. Dalloway Study Questions

Discussion questions: 1. In the novel â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† both Clarissa and Septimus repeat a line from Shakespeare, what is the line and what is its importance to the characters? 2. In â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† Septimus is created as Clarissa’s double, why do you think Woolf did this? 3. How are Clarissa and Septimus alike and how are they different? 4. Woolf uses Clarissa to convey her idea of social class and women’s wole within it; how does she achieve this? 5. WWI is a major part throughout the story. What ways did Woolf show this? . At the end of the novel Clarissa is informed of Septimus’ death. How does she feel about this and why is it important? 7. Who are Sally Seton and Peter Walsh and how does their appearance in the novel help with the plot? 8. Woolf uses a lot of flash backs to move the plot along. Do these flash backs help or hurt the novel? 9. From Woolf’s use of flash backs can you infer what the characters were like before? 10. What was the point of view in the novel? Why do you think Woolf chose this? Excerpt: (pg. 11-14)She would not say of any one in the world now that they were this or were that. She felt very young; at the same time unspeakably aged. She sliced like a knife through everything; at the same time was outside, looking on. She had a perpetual sense, as she watched the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and alone; she always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day. Not that she thought herself clever, or much out of the ordinary. How she had got through life on the few twigs of knowledge Fraulein Daniels gave them she could not think.She knew nothing; no language, no history; she scarcely read a book now, except memoirs in bed; and yet to her it was absolutely absorbing; all this; the cabs passing; and she would not say of Peter, she would not say of herself, I am this, I am that. Her only gift was knowing people almost by instinct, she thought, walk ing on. If you put her in a room with someone, up went her back like a cat's; or she purred. Devonshire House, Bath House, the house with the china cockatoo, she had seen them all lit up once; and remembered Sylvia, Fred, Sally Seton — such hosts of people; and dancing all night; and the waggons plodding past o market; and driving home across the Park. She remembered once throwing a shilling into the Serpentine. But every one remembered; what she loved was this, here, now, in front of her; the fat lady in the cab. Did it matter then, she asked herself, walking towards Bond Street, did it matter that she must inevitably cease completely; all this must go on without her; did she resent it; or did it not become consoling to believe that death ended absolutely? ut that somehow in the streets of London, on the ebb and flow of things, here, there, she survived, Peter survived, lived in each other, she being part, she was positive, of the trees at home; of the house there, ugly, ram bling all to bits and pieces as it was; part of people she had never met; being laid out like a mist between the people she knew best, who lifted her on their branches as she had seen the trees lift the mist, but it spread ever so far, her life, herself. But what was she dreaming as she looked into Hatchards' shop window? What was she trying to recover?What image of white dawn in the country, as she read in the book spread open: Fear no more the heat o' the sun Nor the furious winter's rages. This late age of the world's experience had bred in them all, all men and women, a well of tears. Tears and sorrows; courage and endurance; a perfectly upright and stoical bearing. Think, for example, of the woman she admired most, Lady Bexborough, opening the bazaar. There were Jorrocks' Jaunts and Jollities; there were Soapy Sponge and Mrs. Asquith's Memoirs and Big Game Shooting in Nigeria, all spread open.Ever so many books there were; but none that seemed exactly right to take to Evelyn Wh itbread in her nursing home. Nothing that would serve to amuse her and make that indescribably dried-up little woman look, as Clarissa came in, just for a moment cordial; before they settled down for the usual interminable talk of women's ailments. How much she wanted it — that people should look pleased as she came in, Clarissa thought and turned and walked back towards Bond Street, annoyed, because it was silly to have other reasons for doing things. Much rather would she have been one of those eople like Richard who did things for themselves, whereas, she thought, waiting to cross, half the time she did things not simply, not for themselves; but to make people think this or that; perfect idiocy she knew (and now the policeman held up his hand) for no one was ever for a second taken in. Oh if she could have had her life over again! She thought, stepping on to the pavement, could have looked even differently! She would have been, in the first place, dark like Lady Bexborough , with a skin of crumpled leather and beautiful eyes.She would have been, like Lady Bexborough, slow and stately; rather large; interested in politics like a man; with a country house; very dignified, very sincere. Instead of which she had a narrow pea-stick figure; a ridiculous little face, beaked like a bird's. That she held herself well was true; and had nice hands and feet; and dressed well, considering that she spent little. But often now this body she wore (she stopped to look at a Dutch picture), this body, with all its capacities, seemed nothing — nothing at all.She had the oddest sense of being herself invisible, unseen; unknown; there being no more marrying, no more having of children now, but only this astonishing and rather solemn progress with the rest of them, up Bond Street, this being Mrs. Dalloway; not even Clarissa anymore; this being Mrs. Richard Dalloway. Multiple choice questions for excerpt: 1. What is the attitude throughout the passage? a. Negative tow ard her future. b. Hopeful for her future. c. Positive toward her past. d. Resentful of the choices of her past. 2. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the passage? . To show Clarissa’s hopefulness for the future. b. To show Clarissa’s longing for acceptance and importance in high class society. c. To show how Clarissa wants to help the elderly. d. To show Clarissa’s admiration for Mrs. Bexborough. 3. Clarissa talks about Mrs. Bexborough to show: a. How she wants to be portrayed in society. b. How much she dislikes her. c. How they are alike. d. How they are different. 4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following qualities is most important to the speaker: a. Independence. b. Being man- like. . Dressing well. d. Respect. 5. In the passage what does Woolf mean by â€Å"did it matter that she must inevitably cease completely; all this must go on without her; did she resent it; or did it not become consoling to believe that d eath ended absolutely? † a. That life goes on after death. b. That she finds comfort in the fact that death stops all human problems, but resents the fact use lose the pleasures also. c. That she is scared of death. d. That none of the things she has done matter after death. Essay prompt for novel: Woolf’s writing style in Mrs.Dalloway is described as â€Å"stream of consciousness,† why do you think Woolf chose this writing style for the novel and would it be less effective if it were written in a different style? The Yellow Wallpaper by: Charlotte Perkins Gilman It is very seldom that mere ordinary people like John and myself secure ancestral halls for the summer. A colonial mansion, a hereditary estate, I would say a haunted house, and reach the height of romantic felicity–but that would be asking too much of fate! Still I will proudly declare that there is something queer about it.Else, why should it be let so cheaply? And why have stood so long untenan ted? John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage. John is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures. John is a physician, and perhaps–(I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind)–perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do?If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression–a slight hysterical tendency– what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing. So I take phosphates or phosphites–whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good.But what is one to do? I did write for a while in spite of them; but it does exhaust me a good deal–having to be so sly about it, or else meet with heavy opposition. I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus–but John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house. The most beautiful place! It is quite alone standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village.It makes me think of English places that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people. There is a delicious garden! I never saw such a garden–large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lin ed with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them. There were greenhouses, too, but they are all broken now. There was some legal trouble, I believe, something about the heirs and coheirs; anyhow, the place has been empty for years. That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I don't care–there is something strange about the house–I can feel it.I even said so to John one moonlight evening but he said what I felt was a draught, and shut the window. I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes I'm sure I never used to be so sensitive. I think it is due to this nervous condition. But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper self-control; so I take pains to control myself– before him, at least, and that makes me very tired. I don't like our room a bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all over the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings! but John would not hear of it.He said there was only one window and not room for two beds, and no near room for him if he took another. He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction. I have a schedule prescription for each hour in the day; he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungrateful not to value it more. He said we came here solely on my account, that I was to have perfect rest and all the air I could get. â€Å"Your exercise depends on your strength, my dear,† said he, â€Å"and your food somewhat on your appetite; but air you can absorb all the time. So we took the nursery at the top of the house. It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then playroom and gymnasium, I should judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls. The paint and paper look as if a boys' school had used it. It is stripped off–the paper in great patches all around the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a great place on the other side of the room low down. I never saw a worse paper in my life.One of those sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin. It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide–plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions. The color is repellent, almost revolting; a smouldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others.No wonder the children hated it! I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long. There comes John, and I must put this away,–he hates to have me write a word. ———- We have been here two weeks, and I haven't felt like writing before, since that first d ay. I am sitting by the window now, up in this atrocious nursery, and there is nothing to hinder my writing as much as I please, save lack of strength. John is away all day, and even some nights when his cases are serious. I am glad my case is not serious! But these nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing.John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him. Of course it is only nervousness. It does weigh on me so not to do my duty in any way! I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already! Nobody would believe what an effort it is to do what little I am able,–to dress and entertain, and order things. It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby. Such a dear baby! And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous.I suppose John never was nervous in his life. He laughs at me so about this wall-paper! At first he meant to repaper the room, but afterwards he said that I was letting it get the better of me, and that nothing was worse for a nervous patient than to give way to such fancies. He said that after the wall-paper was changed it would be the heavy bedstead, and then the barred windows, and then that gate at the head of the stairs, and so on. â€Å"You know the place is doing you good,† he said, â€Å"and really, dear, I don't care to renovate the house just for a three months' rental. â€Å"Then do let us go downstairs,† I said, â€Å"there are such pretty rooms there. † Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose, and said he would go down to the cellar, if I wished, and have it whitewashed into the bargain. But he is right enough about the beds and windows and things. It is an airy and comfortable room as any one need wish, and, of course, I would not be so silly as to make him uncomfortable just for a whim. I'm really getting quite fond of the big room, all but that horrid paper.Out o f one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deepshaded arbors, the riotous old-fashioned flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees. Out of another I get a lovely view of the bay and a little private wharf belonging to the estate. There is a beautiful shaded lane that runs down there from the house. I always fancy I see people walking in these numerous paths and arbors, but John has cautioned me not to give way to fancy in the least. He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story-making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, nd that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency. So I try. I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me. But I find I get pretty tired when I try. It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship about my work. When I get really well, John says we will ask Cousin Henry and Julia down for a long visit; but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now. I wish I could get well faster. But I must not think about that.This paper looks to me as if it knew what a vicious influence it had! There is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down. I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness. Up and down and sideways they crawl, and those absurd, unblinking eyes are everywhere There is one place where two breaths didn't match, and the eyes go all up and down the line, one a little higher than the other. I never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before, and we all know how much expression they have!I used to lie awake as a child and get more entertainment and terror out of blank walls and plain furniture than most children could find in a toy-store. I remember what a kindly wink the knobs of our big, old bureau used to have, and the re was one chair that always seemed like a strong friend. I used to feel that if any of the other things looked too fierce I could always hop into that chair and be safe. The furniture in this room is no worse than inharmonious, however, for we had to bring it all from downstairs. I suppose when this was used as a playroom they had to take the nursery things out, and no wonder!I never saw such ravages as the children have made here. The wall-paper, as I said before, is torn off in spots, and it sticketh closer than a brother–they must have had perseverance as well as hatred. Then the floor is scratched and gouged and splintered, the plaster itself is dug out here and there, and this great heavy bed which is all we found in the room, looks as if it had been through the wars. But I don't mind it a bit–only the paper. There comes John's sister. Such a dear girl as she is, and so careful of me! I must not let her find me writing.She is a perfect and enthusiastic housekeepe r, and hopes for no better profession. I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which made me sick! But I can write when she is out, and see her a long way off from these windows. There is one that commands the road, a lovely shaded winding road, and one that just looks off over the country. A lovely country, too, full of great elms and velvet meadows. This wall-paper has a kind of sub-pattern in a, different shade, a particularly irritating one, for you can only see it in certain lights, and not clearly then.But in the places where it isn't faded and where the sun is just so–I can see a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure, that seems to skulk about behind that silly and conspicuous front design. There's sister on the stairs! ———- Well, the Fourth of July is over! The people are all gone and I am tired out. John thought it might do me good to see a little company, so we just had mother and Nellie and the children down for a week. Of course I didn't do a thing. Jennie sees to everything now. But it tired me all the same. John says if I don't pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall.But I don't want to go there at all. I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so! Besides, it is such an undertaking to go so far. I don't feel as if it was worth while to turn my hand over for anything, and I'm getting dreadfully fretful and querulous. I cry at nothing, and cry most of the time. Of course I don't when John is here, or anybody else, but when I am alone. And I am alone a good deal just now. John is kept in town very often by serious cases, and Jennie is good and lets me alone when I want her to.So I walk a little in the garden or down that lovely lane, sit on the porch under the roses, and lie down up here a good deal. I'm getting really fond of the room in spite of the wall-paper. Perhaps because of the wall-paper. It dwells in my mind so! I lie h ere on this great immovable bed–it is nailed down, I believe–and follow that pattern about by the hour. It is as good as gymnastics, I assure you. I start, we'll say, at the bottom, down in the corner over there where it has not been touched, and I determine for the thousandth time that I will follow that pointless pattern to some sort of a conclusion.I know a little of the principle of design, and I know this thing was not arranged on any laws of radiation, or alternation, or repetition, or symmetry, or anything else that I ever heard of. It is repeated, of course, by the breadths, but not otherwise. Looked at in one way each breadth stands alone, the bloated curves and flourishes–a kind of â€Å"debased Romanesque† with delirium tremens–go waddling up and down in isolated columns of fatuity. But, on the other hand, they connect diagonally, and the sprawling outlines run off in great slanting waves of optic horror, like a lot of wallowing seaweeds in full chase.The whole thing goes horizontally, too, at least it seems so, and I exhaust myself in trying to distinguish the order of its going in that direction. They have used a horizontal breadth for a frieze, and that adds wonderfully to the confusion. There is one end of the room where it is almost intact, and there, when the crosslights fade and the low sun shines directly upon it, I can almost fancy radiation after all,–the interminable grotesques seem to form around a common centre and rush off in headlong plunges of equal distraction. It makes me tired to follow it.I will take a nap I guess. ———- I don't know why I should write this. I don't want to. I don't feel able. And I know John would think it absurd. But I must say what I feel and think in some way–it is such a relief! But the effort is getting to be greater than the relief. Half the time now I am awfully lazy, and lie down ever so much. John says I mustn't lose my strength, and h as me take cod liver oil and lots of tonics and things, to say nothing of ale and wine and rare meat. Dear John! He loves me very dearly, and hates to have me sick.I tried to have a real earnest reasonable talk with him the other day, and tell him how I wish he would let me go and make a visit to Cousin Henry and Julia. But he said I wasn't able to go, nor able to stand it after I got there; and I did not make out a very good case for myself, for I was crying before I had finished . It is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight. Just this nervous weakness I suppose. And dear John gathered me up in his arms, and just carried me upstairs and laid me on the bed, and sat by me and read to me till it tired my head.He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake, and keep well. He says no one but myself can help me out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me. The re's one comfort, the baby is well and happy, and does not have to occupy this nursery with the horrid wall-paper. If we had not used it, that blessed child would have! What a fortunate escape! Why, I wouldn't have a child of mine, an impressionable little thing, live in such a room for worlds.I never thought of it before, but it is lucky that John kept me here after all, I can stand it so much easier than a baby, you see. Of course I never mention it to them any more–I am too wise,–but I keep watch of it all the same. There are things in that paper that nobody knows but me, or ever will. Behind that outside pattern the dim shapes get clearer every day. It is always the same shape, only very numerous. And it is like a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern. I don't like it a bit. I wonder–I begin to think–I wish John would take me away from here! ———-It is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so w ise, and because he loves me so. But I tried it last night. It was moonlight. The moon shines in all around just as the sun does. I hate to see it sometimes, it creeps so slowly, and always comes in by one window or another. John was asleep and I hated to waken him, so I kept still and watched the moonlight on that undulating wall-paper till I felt creepy. The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out. I got up softly and went to feel and see if the paper did move, and when I came back John was awake. â€Å"What is it, little girl? he said. â€Å"Don't go walking about like that–you'll get cold. † I thought it was a good time to talk, so I told him that I really was not gaining here, and that I wished he would take me away. â€Å"Why darling! † said he, â€Å"our lease will be up in three weeks, and I can't see how to leave before. â€Å"The repairs are not done at home, and I cannot possibly leave town just now. Of cou rse if you were in any danger, I could and would, but you really are better, dear, whether you can see it or not. I am a doctor, dear, and I know. You are gaining flesh and color, your appetite is better, I feel really much easier about you. â€Å"I don't weigh a bit more,† said 1, â€Å"nor as much; and my appetite may be better in the evening when you are here, but it is worse in the morning when you are away! † â€Å"Bless her little heart! † said he with a big hug, â€Å"she shall be as sick as she pleases! But now let's improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk about it in the morning! † â€Å"And you won't go away? † I asked gloomily. â€Å"Why, how can 1, dear? It is only three weeks more and then we will take a nice little trip of a few days while Jennie is getting the house ready. Really dear you are better! â€Å"Better in body perhaps–† I began, and stopped short, for he sat up straight and looked at me with su ch a stern, reproachful look that I could not say another word. â€Å"My darling,† said he, â€Å"I beg of you, for my sake and for our child's sake, as well as for your own, that you will never for one instant let that idea enter your mind! There is nothing so dangerous, so fascinating, to a temperament like yours. It is a false and foolish fancy. Can you not trust me as a physician when I tell you so? † So of course I said no more on that score, and we went to sleep before long.He thought I was asleep first, but I wasn't, and lay there for hours trying to decide whether that front pattern and the back pattern really did move together or separately. ———- On a pattern like this, by daylight, there is a lack of sequence, a defiance of law, that is a constant irritant to a normal mind. The color is hideous enough, and unreliable enough, and infuriating enough, but the pattern is torturing. You think you have mastered it, but just as you get well unde rway in following, it turns a back somersault and there you are. It slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramples upon you.It is like a bad dream. The outside pattern is a florid arabesque, reminding one of a fungus. If you can imagine a toadstool in joints, an interminable string of toadstools, budding and sprouting in endless convolutions–why, that is something like it. That is, sometimes! There is one marked peculiarity about this paper, a thing nobody seems to notice but myself, and that is that it changes as the light changes. When the sun shoots in through the east window–I always watch for that first long, straight ray–it changes so quickly that I never can quite believe it. That is why I watch it always.By moonlight–the moon shines in all night when there is a moon–I wouldn't know it was the same paper. At night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight, lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars! The outside patt ern I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be. I didn't realize for a long time what the thing was that showed behind, that dim sub-pattern, but now I am quite sure it is a woman. By daylight she is subdued, quiet. I fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still. It is so puzzling. It keeps me quiet by the hour. I lie down ever so much now. John says it is good for me, and to sleep all I can.Indeed he started the habit by making me lie down for an hour after each meal. It is a very bad habit I am convinced, for you see I don't sleep. And that cultivates deceit, for I don't tell them I'm awake–O no! The fact is I am getting a little afraid of John. He seems very queer sometimes, and even Jennie has an inexplicable look. It strikes me occasionally, just as a scientific hypothesis,–that perhaps it is the paper! I have watched John when he did not know I was looking, and come into the room suddenly on the most innocent excuses, and I've caught him several tim es looking at the paper! And Jennie too.I caught Jennie with her hand on it once. She didn't know I was in the room, and when I asked her in a quiet, a very quiet voice, with the most restrained manner possible, what she was doing with the paper–she turned around as if she had been caught stealing, and looked quite angry– asked me why I should frighten her so! Then she said that the paper stained everything it touched, that she had found yellow smooches on all my clothes and John's, and she wished we would be more careful! Did not that sound innocent? But I know she was studying that pattern, and I am determined that nobody shall find it out but myself! ———-Life is very much more exciting now than it used to be. You see I have something more to expect, to look forward to, to watch. I really do eat better, and am more quiet than I was. John is so pleased to see me improve ! He laughed a little the other day, and said I seemed to be flourishing in sp ite of my wall-paper. I turned it off with a laugh. I had no intention of telling him it was because of the wall-paper–he would make fun of me. He might even want to take me away. I don't want to leave now until I have found it out. There is a week more, and I think that will be enough. ———- I'm feeling ever so much better!I don't sleep much at night, for it is so interesting to watch developments; but I sleep a good deal in the daytime. In the daytime it is tiresome and perplexing. There are always new shoots on the fungus, and new shades of yellow all over it. I cannot keep count of them, though I have tried conscientiously. It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper! It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw–not beautiful ones like buttercups, but old foul, bad yellow things. But there is something else about that paper– the smell! I noticed it the moment we came into the room, but with so much air and sun it was not bad.Now we have had a week of fog and rain, and whether the windows are open or not, the smell is here. It creeps all over the house. I find it hovering in the dining-room, skulking in the parlor, hiding in the hall, lying in wait for me on the stairs. It gets into my hair. Even when I go to ride, if I turn my head suddenly and surprise it–there is that smell! Such a peculiar odor, too! I have spent hours in trying to analyze it, to find what it smelled like. It is not bad–at first, and very gentle, but quite the subtlest, most enduring odor I ever met. In this damp weather it is awful, I wake up in the night and find it hanging over me.It used to disturb me at first. I thought seriously of burning the house–to reach the smell. But now I am used to it. The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of the paper! A yellow smell. There is a very funny mark on this wall, low down, near the mopboard. A streak that runs round the room. It goes behind every piece of furniture, except the bed, a long, straight, even smooch, as if it had been rubbed over and over. I wonder how it was done and who did it, and what they did it for. Round and round and round–round and round and round–it makes me dizzy! ———-I really have discovered something at last. Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found out. The front pattern does move–and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over. Then in the very bright spots she keeps still, and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard. And she is all the time trying to climb through. But nobody could climb through that pattern–it strangles so; I think that is why it has so many heads.They get through, and then the pattern strangles them off and turns them upside down, and makes their eyes white! If those heads were covered or taken off it would not be half so bad. ———- I think that woman gets out in the daytime! And I'll tell you why–privately–I've seen her! I can see her out of every one of my windows! It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping, and most women do not creep by daylight. I see her on that long road under the trees, creeping along, and when a carriage comes she hides under the blackberry vines. I don't blame her a bit.It must be very humiliating to be caught creeping by daylight! I always lock the door when I creep by daylight. I can't do it at night, for I know John would suspect something at once. And John is so queer now, that I don't want to irritate him. I wish he would take another room! Besides, I don't want anybody to get that woman out at night but myself. I often wonder if I could see her out of all the windows at once. But, turn as fast as I can, I can only see out of one at one time. And though I always see her, she may be able to creep faster than I can turn!I have watched her sometimes away off in the open country, creeping as fast as a cloud shadow in a high wind. ———- If only that top pattern could be gotten off from the under one! I mean to try it, little by little. I have found out another funny thing, but I shan't tell it this time! It does not do to trust people too much. There are only two more days to get this paper off, and I believe John is beginning to notice. I don't like the look in his eyes. And I heard him ask Jennie a lot of professional questions about me. She had a very good report to give. She said I slept a good deal in the daytime.John knows I don't sleep very well at night, for all I'm so quiet! He asked me all sorts of questions, too, and pretended to be very loving and kind. As if I couldn't see through him! Still, I don't wonder he acts so, sleeping under this paper for three months. It only interests me, but I feel sure John and Jennie are secretly affected by it. ———- Hurrah! This is the last day, but it is enough. John to stay in town over night, and won't be out until this evening. Jennie wanted to sleep with me–the sly thing! but I told her I should undoubtedly rest better for a night all alone. That was clever, for really I wasn't alone a bit!As soon as it was moonlight and that poor thing began to crawl and shake the pattern, I got up and ran to help her. I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper. A strip about as high as my head and half around the room. And then when the sun came and that awful pattern began to laugh at me, I declared I would finish it to-day! We go away to-morrow, and they are moving all my furniture down again to leave things as they were before. Jennie looked at the wall in amazement, but I told her merrily that I did it out of pure spite at the vicious thing.S he laughed and said she wouldn't mind doing it herself, but I must not get tired. How she betrayed herself that time! But I am here, and no person touches this paper but me,–not alive ! She tried to get me out of the room–it was too patent! But I said it was so quiet and empty and clean now that I believed I would lie down again and sleep all I could; and not to wake me even for dinner–I would call when I woke. So now she is gone, and the servants are gone, and the things are gone, and there is nothing left but that great bedstead nailed down, with the canvas mattress we found on it.We shall sleep downstairs to-night, and take the boat home to-morrow. I quite enjoy the room, now it is bare again. How those children did tear about here! This bedstead is fairly gnawed! But I must get to work. I have locked the door and thrown the key down into the front path. I don't want to go out, and I don't want to have anybody come in, till John comes. I want to astonish him. I've got a rope up here that even Jennie did not find. If that woman does get out, and tries to get away, I can tie her! But I forgot I could not reach far without anything to stand on!This bed will not move! I tried to lift and push it until I was lame, and then I got so angry I bit off a little piece at one corner–but it hurt my teeth. Then I peeled off all the paper I could reach standing on the floor. It sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it! All those strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths just shriek with derision! I am getting angry enough to do something desperate. To jump out of the window would be admirable exercise, but the bars are too strong even to try. Besides I wouldn't do it. Of course not.I know well enough that a step like that is improper and might be misconstrued. I don't like to look out of the windows even– there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wall -paper as I did? But I am securely fastened now by my well-hidden rope–you don't get me out in the road there ! I suppose I shall have to get back behind the pattern when it comes night, and that is hard! It is so pleasant to be out in this great room and creep around as I please! I don't want to go outside. I won't, even if Jennie asks me to.For outside you have to creep on the ground, and everything is green instead of yellow. But here I can creep smoothly on the floor, and my shoulder just fits in that long smooch around the wall, so I cannot lose my way. Why there's John at the door! It is no use, young man, you can't open it! How he does call and pound! Now he's crying for an axe. It would be a shame to break down that beautiful door! â€Å"John dear! † said I in the gentlest voice, â€Å"the key is down by the front steps, under a plantain leaf! † That silenced him for a few moments. Then he said–very quietly indeed, â€Å"Open the door, my darling ! â€Å"I can't,† said I. â€Å"The key is down by the front door under a plantain leaf! † And then I said it again, several times, very gently and slowly, and said it so often that he had to go and see, and he got it of course, and came in. He stopped short by the door. â€Å"What is the matter? † he cried. â€Å"For God's sake, what are you doing! † I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder. â€Å"I've got out at last,† said I, â€Å"in spite of you and Jane. And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back! † Now why should that man have fainted?But he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time! The story of an hour by: Kate Chopin Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death. It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled h ints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of â€Å"killed. He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message. She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her. There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair.Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul. She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which some one was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams. She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought. There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfu lly. What was it?She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will–as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under hte breath: â€Å"free, free, free! † The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes.They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her. A clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination. And yet she had loved him–sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! Free! Body and soul free! † she kept whispering. Jos ephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhold, imploring for admission. â€Å"Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door–you will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For heaven's sake open the door. † â€Å"Go away. I am not making myself ill. † No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long.It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom. Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Br ently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the accident, and did not even know there had been one.He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards' quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease–of the joy that kills. Essay prompt for short story: In the short story â€Å"the story of an hour† Chopin uses the word ‘open’ repeatedly, why do you think this and what is the significance of it? Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it– A sort of walking miracle, my skin Bright as a Nazi lampshade, My right foot A paperweight, My face a featureless, fine Jew linen. Peel off the napkin O my enemy.Do I terrify? — The nose, the eye pits, the full set of teeth? The sour breath Will vanish in a day. Soon, soon the flesh The grave cave ate will b e At home on me And I a smiling woman. I am only thirty. And like the cat I have nine times to die. This is Number Three. What a trash To annihilate each decade. What a million filaments. The peanut-crunching crowd Shoves in to see Them unwrap me hand and foot– The big strip tease. Gentlemen, ladies These are my hands My knees. I may be skin and bone, Nevertheless, I am the same, identical woman. The first time it happened I was ten. It was an accident.The second time I meant To last it out and not come back at all. I rocked shut As a seashell. They had to call and call And pick the worms off me like sticky pearls. Dying Is an art, like everything else. I do it exceptionally well. I do it so it feels like hell. I do it so it feels real. I guess you could say I've a call. It's easy enough to do it in a cell. It's easy enough to do it and stay put. It's the theatrical Comeback in broad day To the same place, the same face, the same brute Amused shout: ‘A miracle! ‘ That knocks me out. There is a charge For the eyeing of my scars, there is a chargeFor the hearing of my heart– It really goes. And there is a charge, a very large charge For a word or a touch Or a bit of blood Or a piece of my hair or my clothes. So, so, Herr Doktor. So, Herr Enemy. I am your opus, I am your valuable, The pure gold baby That melts to a shriek. I turn and burn. Do not think I underestimate your great concern. Ash, ash– You poke and stir. Flesh, bone, there is nothing there– A cake of soap, A wedding ring, A gold filling. Herr God, Herr Lucifer Beware Beware. Out of the ash I rise with my red hair And I eat men like air. Daddy by: Sylvia Plath You do not do, you do not doAny more, black shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo. Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had time– Marble-heavy, a bag full of God, Ghastly statue with one gray toe Big as a Frisco seal And a head in the freakish Atlantic Where it pours bean green over blue In the waters off beautiful Nauset. I used to pray to recover you. Ach, du. In the German tongue, in the Polish town Scraped flat by the roller Of wars, wars, wars. But the name of the town is common. My Polack friend Says there are a dozen or two. So I never could tell where youPut your foot, your root, I never could talk to you. The tongue stuck in my jaw. It stuck in a barb wire snare. Ich, ich, ich, ich, I could hardly speak. I thought every German was you. And the language obscene An engine, an engine Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. I began to talk like a Jew. I think I may well be a Jew. The snows of the Tyrol, the clear beer of Vienna Are not very pure or true. With my gipsy ancestress and my weird luck And my Taroc pack and my Taroc pack I may be a bit of a Jew. I have always been scared of you, With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo. And your neat mustacheAnd your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man, panzer-man, O You– Not God but a swastika So black no sky could squeak through. Every woman adores a Fascist, The boot in the face, the brute Brute heart of a brute like you. You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the picture I have of you, A cleft in your chin instead of your foot But no less a devil for that, no not Any less the black man who Bit my pretty red heart in two. I was ten when they buried you. At twenty I tried to die And get back, back, back to you. I thought even the bones would do. But they pulled me out of the sack, And they stuck me together with glue.And then I knew what to do. I made a model of you, A man in black with a Meinkampf look And a love of the rack and the screw. And I said I do, I do. So daddy, I'm finally through. The black telephone's off at the root, The voices just can't worm through. If I've killed one man, I've killed two– The vampire who said he was you And drank my blood for a year, Seven years, if you wa nt to know. Daddy, you can lie back now. There's a stake in your fat black heart And the villagers never liked you. They are dancing and stamping on you. They always knew it was you. Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through.Lets hear it for the women The women oppressed by: Francis Duggan Lets hear it for women the women oppressed In patriarchal societies their human rights are transgressed By male religious zealots who hate woman kind For to trample on women's rights any excuse they will find. Lets hear it for the women who never receive a fair go Of equality in their lives they never may know They are seen as inferior where males reign supreme And this can do little for their self esteem. Lets hear it for the women who must play second fiddle to men Where to be born a female means one cannot win Promotion in work or promotion in lifeTo an arrogant and an unfaithful man expected to be a good wife. Lets hear it for women the women men do rule And many males in positions of power can b e cruel The mothers of the children in life the hardest role Equality they need and not male control. P. O. W (Poor Oprressed Women) by: Sama Wareh Hello oppressed, With that scarf around your head, That you surely must dread, Aren't you hot? Can't you see it's sunny, Aren't your ears cold, They try to be funny, But some seriously suggest, That I am oppressed, Because I can't flaunt what I got, And they look at the way that I'm dressed, All covered up, From head to toe,How am I to attract the men, Without a little show? So I tell them, I'm oppressed, Because men can't see past the fabric? They are stuck with a conversation And a brain to pick, I flaunt, Yes I do, My personality is what I flaunt, I swear, it's true, I aint no object In men's desire, Nor am I a curve size, Because I have attire, And they tell me, Well, you were forced, Obviously, Your dad had a belt, And so you agreed, No, it was my choice, I did agree, In fact, After I did cover up, Men stopped checking out my behind , And started looking at who I am on the inside, And after I did, Respect came my way,Heads didn't turn lolling as I passed men's way, But I guess some like that attention, And women, This isn't a stab at you, I'm just expressing my point of view, After dealing with stereotypes of what people tell me I am, I can even see it in their eyes, Like my attire should be banned, And especially older women, Look at me with pity, Poor child, I wish I could help her and show her the way, Cause according to Fox tv, they've gone astray, Poor abused women, dressed in black, Can't those mean men cut them a little slack? But to their surprise, I choose to wear it, To me its freedom, Freedom from fashion implications,Telling you how to talk, dress and look, Advertising the new trend, To get you on the hook, Of being what the fashion industry can make money off of, I wear what I want and dress to impress, Myself and God, And nobody else, I wear pants and I wear skirts, I wear socks and long shirts, A nd if my name callers aren't happen with that, Then come and liberate me, Which in now a day's terms, Means kill me. Discussion questions for the poems: 1. In the poems â€Å"Lets Hear It For Women The Women Oppressed† and â€Å"P. O. W (Poor Oppressed Woman),† there are two different views on women’s oppression. What are these views? 2. In the poem â€Å"P. O.W (Poor Oppressed Women)†, what image does Wareh portray throughout? What words make you think this? 3. In the poem â€Å"Lady Lazarus,† Plath refers to herself as a cat with nine times to die, why do you think she chose these words and what is the importance of them? 4. After reading â€Å"lets hear it for the women the women oppressed,† what do you think Duggan’s view on women’s oppression is and how does she convey this in her poem? 5. After reading â€Å"P. O. W (Poor Oppressed Women),† how do you think Wareh views oppression and how does she show this in her p oem? 6. In â€Å"Lady Lazarus,† what images does Plath use and how are they effective? . In the poem â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath, Plath uses the word ‘daddy’ instead of ‘father’, do you think this changes the way the reader views the poem? How? 8. In the poem â€Å"Daddy,† could ‘daddy’ be something besides her father? How? 9. In the poem â€Å"Lady Lazarus,† Plath chooses the word ‘Miracle’, in what tone do you think she used this? 10. In â€Å"Lets hear it for the women the women oppressed,† how do you think Duggan’s word chose sets the mood for the poem? Thomas 1 Kelley Thomas Ms. Flara AP English IV October 22, 2012 The theme of Women’s oppression and how it is viewed by Clarissa I read the novel â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† by: Virginia Woolf.There are many themes throughout this novel but while reading it one was most apparent and that is the theme of Women’s oppression and how it is viewed by the Clarissa. Woolf uses the novel to show how she feels about society and oppression, especially toward women. The social setting and time period set the mood for this theme. London is returning to its social normalcies and women are moving back toward being housewives instead of working in munitions factories. She often shows her dislike of this through Clarissa. It has become a sort of way of life for her and she doesn’t truly notice she is even a part of it.

Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas...

Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils using Gas Chromatography Lyndon Justin T. Guzman Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City Date Performed: February 2; February 4, 2011 Date Submitted: February 18, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to isolate the essential oil from eucalyptus leaves as a pure compound; moreover, the components of the essential oil, camphor and limonene, will be then separated using gas chromatography technique, identify the components by their retention times, and compute for the concentration and percentage content of each component by their peak areas and peak heights. The volatile oil from eucalyptus leaves was isolated with the use of steam distillation setup,†¦show more content†¦Since the total vapor pressure is the sum of the individual vapor pressures, the total vapor pressure must become equal to atmospheric pressure at a temperature below the boiling point of either pure substance (Ault, 1983). The mixture thus distills at a temperature below the boiling point of either pure component. This can be explained using a combination of Dalton’s and Raoult’s Law: Patm = XAP °A + XBP °B where Patm is the atmospheric pressure, XA and XB are the mole fractions of compounds A and B, and P °A and P °B are the vapor pressures of pure liquids A and B. Their individual contributions are dependent on their respective mole fractions, and both liquids contribute to the vapor pressure of the system (Institute of Chemistry, UPD, 2010). In this experiment, a major constituent of volatile oils from eucalyptus leaves will be isolated as a pure compound with high purity via steam distillation. These essential oils are camphor and limonene and by using the gas chromatography technique, the different components of the eucalyptus essential oil will be separated. This experiment also aims to manipulate the gas chromatography system and change conditions in order to effectively and efficiently separate the components, and therefore achieve a good resolution. The components will be identified by determination of their retention timesShow MoreRelatedThe Isolation Of Volatile Oils From Cinnamon3203 Words   |  13 Pages Carlos Restrepo Dr. Lanni The isolation of Volatile Oils from Cinnamon November 18, 2014 Isolation of Volatile Oil from Cinnamon Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate the components of cinnamon by using multiple techniques. The techniques involved in the experiment include: distillation, extraction, filtration, refractomery, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and the use of ChemDraw. Introduction: Cinnamon is the second most important spice that is soldRead MoreExtracting Eugenol From Cloves?1832 Words   |  8 PagesCH331 Lab 7 Figure 1: Photo of Thin-Layer Chromatography using a beaker to hold the solvent. Photo by: Emily Olsen Emily Olsen September 7, 2015 September 28, 2015 Abstract: Eugenol was extracted from cloves using several different laboratory techniques. The three products compared were crude oil, eugenol, and eugenol acetate. The method of comparison for these molecules was thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and will be discussed throughout the paper. Using TLC, there was a clear distinction betweenRead MoreIsolation And Identification Of Essential Oils1321 Words   |  6 PagesIsolation and Identification of Essential Oils Lab Report Name: Lauryn Tonou Partner’s name: Tiffany Keener Date submitted: 11/02/2015 Introduction Essential oils are the concentrated extracts of volatile, non-water-soluble aroma compounds from plants. They are widely used in cleaning products, cosmetic products, and perfumes, also as flavorings in foods. Essential oils are actually mixtures of organic compounds sample. However, the purpose of the lab will be to isolate and identify essentialRead MoreImpacts of Applications of Chemistry on Society and the Environment3915 Words   |  16 Pageselectrochemistry. Collaboration is very important in the field of chemistry. The fact that chemistry has many branches means that chemists will have expertise in different areas. A chemist cannot perform in isolation, simply because they are not able to be an expert in every field of chemistry. It is essential that chemists work collaboratively and communicate regularly with each other, exchanging different viewpoints about problems. Forensic Chemistry Forensic Chemistry is the application of chemistry toRead MorePharmacological And Ethnobotanical Review Of Aristolochia Bracteolata L4386 Words   |  18 PagesWorm killer Hindi : Kitamari Malayalam: Atukottappala, Atutinnappala. Local name: Kidamari, Gandhati, Gidhad-gawat.. Distribution – Gujarat, South India, and in semi deciduous forests in Kerala. Phytochemistry: Preliminary studies on the essential oil were carried out by (6), some novel derivatives of AA from A. indica were isolated and elucidated structurally by Kupchan and Merianos (1968). Total Ishwarone a novel tetra cyclic sesquiterpene was reported by Ganguly et al. (1969). Two sesquiterpeneRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pages1995 59 LETTERS Can THC occur in hemp seed oil ? To the editors, We have been approached by a firm which exports hemp seed oil from Hungary, who told us that foreign police or customs officials using dogs had stopped one of their consignments as it was suspected of containing THC. They sent us a small sample of the consignment, with the request that we investigate the validity of the suspicion, since literature data indicate that hemp seed oil should not contain THC. Our working hypothesisRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesother activities: Crop production, Plantation, Forestry, Livestock, Fishing, Mining and Quarrying. Level 2: Trading services: Wholesale and retail trade; Hotels and restaurants Level 3: Old economy or traditional sectors: Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas and Water supply Level 4: Emerging sectors (including knowledge intensive sectors): IT, Finance, Insurance and Business services, Construction, Community, Social Personal Services, Supply Chain, TransportStorage-Communications etc. ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬

The Nature And Nurture Of The Human Sexuality - 932 Words

The nature and nurture of the human Sexuality has been a debate argued among scientists and philosophers. It is believed that human sexuality is the key to reproduction and survival. This debate is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behaviour reflects the influence of genetically arranged maturity or wether it comes from learning and experience. This essay will explain to what extent human sexuality is the result of nature or nurture, it will also relate sexuality to the Biopsychosocial model. The nature part of the human sexuality is the expression of sexual sensation and related intimacy between human beings, it is a natural behaviour of what makes us human, its also a way to express the fullness of love between a man and a woman. The title sexuality becomes easier to understand when it is divided into three section of sexual orientation, sexual behaviour, and sexual identity. The first part points out the nature of a persons basic sexual attraction to other people. This may be others from the same gender, of the opposite gender or it could even be of both genders. Understanding the differences between sex and gender is important in the context of the nature and nurture contention. Sociologist and most other social scientists view sex and gender as conceptually definite. They believe that our sexual behaviour does not always match our sexual identity or our sexual orientation, a person may appoint in heterosexual behaviour but feel their sexualShow MoreRelatedIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To Human Behaviour: †¨18435577†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ To what extent is human sexuality the result of nature or nurture?†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ The nature and nurture of the human sexuality has been a debate argued among researchers and scientists. With regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek intoRead MoreDevelopment Across the Life Span: Nature Versus Nurture Essay examples1666 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Across the Life Span: Nature versus Nurture Barry University What is Nature versus Nurture? Development across the lifespan is one of the most interesting areas of psychology. The word development refers to human development which can be defined as â€Å"the scientific study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.† (Ciccarelli, amp; White, 2009)Psychologists study this developmental change over time through several different methods. The book highlightsRead MoreThe Long Term Controversy Of Nature Versus Nurture860 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, it has been determined that it is a normal aspect of sexuality. Determining how one has this specific trait is up in the air. With homosexuality growing, sexual orientation has been a major discussion in the world throughout the last decade. Some have argued that it has to do with genetics, and some say that it has to do with the environment. This is known as the long-term controversy of nature versus nurture. The controversy discusses which side of the argument affects our behaviorRea d MoreThe Importance Of Nature Vs. Nurture, Culture And Gender, And Finally Family Involvement1378 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   Influence paper Patricia Dominguez Professor: Jeannine Lombardi Class: ECE 102-003 Date: September 13, 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚   On this task I will be addressing the importance of Nature Vs. Nurture, Culture and Gender, and finally family involvement throughout the developing years of an infant. The developmental years in a child s life is classified under NAEYC 1b. The first standard has helped me understand the importance of making the student feel safe. It has made me understand that making bonds withRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture928 Words   |  4 PagesAs mentioned briefly in my self-introduction post, the nature-nurture portion of our textbook is the one part of this course I stated I looked forward to the most. I have always found myself engaged in a constant internal battle regarding nature versus nurture. Adding to this internal battle is the fact that I am married to an identical twin†¦a twin who drastically differs from his brother in several ways. These differences between my husband and his twin have resulted in my questioning if theRead MoreHomosexuality: N ature or Nurture811 Words   |  3 PagesThe aspect of human development across one’s lifespan has always been one of the most fascinating fields related to psychology and human sexuality. Among the controversial topics that are related with development across the human lifespan is the theory of â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. It is an unsolved debate that has been around for centuries. It covers a broad spectrum of topics from intelligence to emotions, or in this case homosexuality. Although homosexuality is often thought of as a trait that isRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead MoreNurture Plays a More Dominant Role in Humans Development than Nature986 Words   |  4 Pages Humans are unique and intricate creatures and their development is a complex process. It is this process that leads people to question, is a child’s development influenced by genetics or their environment? This long debate has been at the forefront of psychology for countless decades now and is better known as â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. The continuous controversy on whether or not children develop their psychological attributes based on genetics (nature) or the way in which they have been raisedRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesSexual orientation is something that people hear about daily in the news, media, and daily lives of others, especially when it comes to the field of psychology and the nature versus nurture debate. For being as commonly debated and discussed as it is, there are many questions that come along with it: what is sexual orientation, how do people know their sexual orientation, what causes homosexuality, is it normal, is it possible to change, and can wanting LGBT, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenderRead More Twin Early Development Study: Nature versus Nurture832 Words   |  3 Pagesobserve? To begin, you must give credit to the two philosophers who initially sparked different opinions about these two ideas. Aristotle theorized, that humans are born into the world with a blank slate and their behavior and thoughts are due solely to experience (Ashcraft, 1998). That theory would suggest that humans learn their phobias, sexuality, gender association, and all other traits through the world that surrounds them. Plato, thought quite the opposite. He believed that believed that behaviors

Richard Iii/Looking for Richard Essay - 1179 Words

HSC Advanced English, Module A: Richard III and Looking For Richard, Essay Connections of commonality and dissimilarity may be drawn between a multiplicity of texts through an appreciation of the values and attitudes with which they were composed. Accordingly, the values and attitudes of the individual being may be defined as an acute blend of externally induced, or contextual and internally triggered, or inherent factors. Cultural, historical, political, religious and social influences, dictated by the nature of one’s surroundings, imprint a variable pattern of values and attitudes upon the individual. Thus any deviation in any such factor may instigate an alteration of the contextual component of one’s perspective. By contrast, the†¦show more content†¦This derives from the play as a recount of historical events with a known outcome and a medium for propaganda in support of the monarchy, an avid determinist. Nevertheless, the aforementioned tension is prevalent throughout and epitomised by the paradoxical pun ‘I am determined to prove a villain’. Uttered with a tone of poise and self-assuredness, the term ‘determined’ implies a conscious statement of purpose and a preordained villainy. Thus Richard is aligned with the stock character of the Vice, an instrument of predestination, and the innovative Machiavel, an advocator of humanism. Despite this, the ultimate decline of Richard is consequential of the reign of determinism. The directly antithetic correctio ‘I am a villain. Yet I lie, I am not’ yields an implicit self-doubt and acknowledgment of an inability to fulfil his humanist purpose. Providentialism thus displays precedence over self-determination. This is in direct contrast to Pacino’s docudrama, composed for a secular modern American audience disengaged with traditional notions of determinism. A greatly diminished and altered portrayal of Margaret, the primary instrument of determinism in the play, is expressive of this. Pacino devalues her curses by reduci ng her to a ‘sort of ghost of the past’. A frenzied montage of informative discourse and the activity of the play complete withShow MoreRelatedEssay on Richard Iii and Looking for Richard1284 Words   |  6 PagesA deeper understanding of ambition and identity emerges from pursuing the connections between King Richard III and Looking for Richard. Compare how these texts explore ambition and identity. Ambition; an earnest desire for some type of achievement or distinction, as power, honour, fame, or wealth, and the willingness to strive for its attainment * Al Pacino’s production as an art-house vanity project * Promotes himself – manipulating the audience through cutaways, specific and timedRead MoreKing Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1 – King Richard III and Looking for Richard How has your study of the connections between King Richard III and Looking for Richard deepened your understanding of the context of and values within, each text? William Shakespeare’s play King Richard III and Al Pacino’s docu-drama Looking for Richard have enriched my understanding of how context shapes the values inscribed within each text. In light of this, the connection that exists between the two texts is: how the central character of theRead MoreKing Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay2197 Words   |  9 PagesThe texts King Richard III and Looking for Richard both accept the centrality of power and the yearning for it, as a central plot driver and an assumed part of the human condition. However, each presents a different perspective as to the nature of power; its origins and morality. Discuss this statement with close, detailed reference to both texts set for study. Power is defined as the possession of control or command over people and events. In Shakespeare’s play ‘King Richard III’, the centralityRead MoreKing Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan1162 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Richard III and Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard both portray central values and ideas of the time. * The texts ideas are reflected by the context of the time. * Both texts written in different time periods meaning completely different contexts which shape the text. * Through Pacino’s hybrid style docudrama, he attempts to demystify Shakespeare’s Richard III, making it more accessible to the everyday person. * Shakespeare shows the journey in Richard III of Richard himselfRead MorePaper 2: Module a Richard Iii/Looking for Richard1020 Words   |  5 Pages Through exploring connections between Shakespeare’s Richard III and Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard the values of the era are often a product of the context of the text. However, through studying the theatricality of man and the pursuit of power, it is clear these notions transcend time and context. Shakespeare valued the way an actor could act within a play and theatre was valued in this context. Shakespeare also demonstrated how Richard pursued political power, whilst Shakespeare himself pursuedRead MoreNotes on King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesever a woman in the humour won?† - assonance and expansive ‘o’ sounds as well as rhetoric and repetition â€Å"I’ll have her but I’ll not keep her long† - intercuts of ‘Ha’ as well as an increased speed of cuts through this line – almost portrays Richard as mad – cut of him out of costume in rehearsal laughing - Seduction through language and sexual tension in Pacino’s version – low neckline in costume, attempted kiss- more recognised and understood by audience, romantic model of film - no diageticRead MoreEssay about Richard Iii + Looking for Richard Comparative Speech834 Words   |  4 PagesGood morning/afternoon Throughout my comparative study of texts and context, I have explored various connections shared between William Shakespeare’s ‘Richard the 3rd’ and Al Pacino’s ‘Looking for Richard’. As both of these items are based on the same character, King Richard the 3rd, they share a lot in common. The connection that I have chosen to concentrate on though is the idea of power, and how both texts explore this theme. William Shakespeare is an extremely famous EnglishRead MoreAnalyse How the Central Values Portrayed in King Richard Iii Are Creatively Reshaped in Looking for Richard.1683 Words   |  7 PagesAn honest tale speeds best, being plainly told.† This quote from William Shakespeare’s King Richard III is a seed from which Al Pacino’s docu-drama Looking For Richard grows, both texts demonstrating the intrinsic relationship between contexts and the composition of texts. As 21st century students, we see Pacino’s creative reshaping emphasise inherent values within the original text, from dynamic perspectives to interpretational understandings, presented in an ‘honest’ and ‘plainly told’ compositionRead MoreJane Eyre1260 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween King Richard III and Looking For Richard is further enhanced by consideration of the marked differences in textual form. Evaluate this statement in the light of your Comparative Study of King Ri chard III and Looking For Richard. William Shakespeare’s 16th century historically tragic play, King Richard III and Al Pacino’s 20th century docudrama, Looking for Richard portray parallel themes of war, characterisation of Richard in context and plot. Shakespeare wrote King Richard III during theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Richard IIi1258 Words   |  6 PagesRichard: What have you done to me! Shakespeare: My historical tragedy â€Å"King Richard III† is just my dramatic presentation of your exploits in your bloody pursuit of the throne. Pacino: My postmodernist docudrama â€Å"Looking for Richard† is my modern interpretation of Richard III. My attempt to establish connections that enhance our understandings and interpretations of our respective contexts, ideas and values, primarily involving the representation of the human condition through the character of Richard

Introduction To Computing Microsoft Office Software

Question: Demonstration of the fundamentals of operating a computer system to restore, retrieve, analyse and present data. Describe the ways in which information technology can contribute to increased productivity and enhance the quality of management. Describe the scope of hardware software currently in use and the technological advances taking place. Answer: Introduction- This report will help the Director of Rose Ltd to gain information about the Microsoft Office and also about the significance of Information technology for the growth of an organization. This is a Digital Age, Information and Communication Technology consists of all the fields related to the computing may be it is Software, Hardware, Internet or Networking to illustrate few. Information Technology is an effective branch which defines the techniques to helps us to gain, store, manipulate, use and manage data in an effective manner. Presently an office cannot be imagined without computers and without Internet Connectivity. IT helps an organization in many ways firstly it helps in the tasks related to Information Processing, secondly it helps in Decision Making, thirdly Sharing the information in a Decentralized way and lastly to bring innovative practicing in an organization(Kramer, Use of Information technology,2012,Use of Information Technology, www.useoftechnology.com). Word Processing Software- The Word Processing is a versatile Software that helps the computer to create, edit, format and print a document. The word processing software works on WYSWG (What You See is what you get) concept. A Word Processor helps to store file electronically and display it on the computer screen and also provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) Menu Command System to bring features and updating. Fig-1: source-uselfpublish.com Benefits of word processing Software- The current Word Processing Software gives the facility for inserting graphics, images, features of Auto Correction, Spell Check, Grammar Check, Formatting- Styles, Importing and Exporting Data, Internet exchange, Security of data, Coloration, Portability, Documentation Templates, Cross-reference, Importing Data from Database, Mail Merge, Page layout features, facility to use Document Statistics(word count, characters, readability, time-spent) web layout and many other features. Examples of popular Word processing software are-Microsoft Word from Microsoft, word Perfect by Corel, Open Office by Apache, Open Office document Linux and many more. Key features of word processing software - The key features of word Processors are- Word Wrap- It is Automatic arrangement of text in lines. Justification- It is Automatic Alignment of text in both left and right. Discretionary Hyphenation: It is facility of inserting a hyphen to break a word that ends a line. Indents- It is facility to set temporary margin in document. Centring- It is setting the text on line. Insertion- Facility to insert text in previously created text. Search and Replace- Reduces time to search and replace text. Cut, Copy, Paste- Facility of moving data from one location to another. Boilerplate -Facility to store and retrieve the block of data for future use. Pagination- the Automatic division of document in pages. Header Footer, Foot Notes- Creating the block of data to automatically display on each page of the document. Table of Content Referencing- Automatic generator with different standards. Page Numbering- Automatic page numbering Definition of presentation software- A presentation software is a software package to display the content in the form of slide show. It helps to create sequence of information or events for better understanding of information. It integrates all the Multimedia features for effective display of Information. It is a popular tool for public display of Content. Fig2: source-www.matchware.com Benefits of presentation software- There are several advantages of Presentation Softwares. Firstly it is easy to work on it, secondly it provides the facility of readymade templates through which one can create presentation easily in very less time, thirdly to make the presentation more interactive the Multimedia features can also be included in it, fourthly these presentations are easy to edit, Further Presentation Softwares also provide the facility of hand-outs to write the descriptions of the slides, besides many other benefits the output of the presentation software can be displayed on the White Board, Digital Projector, LED Screens to give the presentation. Examples of popular Presentation Software are Microsoft Power point, Corel Presentation, Adobe Acrobat, Open Office Impress and many more. Key features of presentation software- The key features of Presentation Software are a) Templates- These are readymade slide pattern to guide the user to create slides. b) Layouts- These are different layouts or arrangement of text, and pictures in Slide. c) Master Slide- With help of Master Slide the data which has to be displayed on each slide, such as Head Note, Foot Note etc. can be easily set. d) Animation Effects- Animations make presentation more interactive. e) Sound Effects- This effect helps in adjusting sound according to the presentation requirements. f) Transition Effects- With the help of Transition Effect one can move to another slide easily. g) Hyperlink- Hyperlink can be added easily in the presentation. h) Inserting Video-Clips- This feature help to insert Video-Clips to make presentation more interesting. Recommendation of the Software Packages for the Company A Suitable Software for delivering a presentation to the board-: At present the most popular presentation Software easily available is Microsoft Power point, secondly it is portable and most suitable for Windows Platform (Highly used Operating System), thirdly the training of Microsoft PowerPoint is readily available, fourthly cost is also economic and lastly Microsoft has fine support system. A Suitable Software for writing the minutes of the board meeting.-: The most suitable software for writing minutes of the meeting will be Microsoft Word, the reason is same as discussed above for Microsoft PowerPoint, Moreover it has wide facility for user to work on it. Conclusion- The discussion of softwares for offices and the impact of ICT on modern offices is a wide research area, this was a simple student approach with the student level expertise and knowledge. No doubt these softwares has made offices smart place to work with far better work- output and with better quality. Recommendation for the Company-: As this company Rose Ltd is a growing company, for its growth and development the use of current communication as well as latest office needed software packages is very necessary. Moreover the Director of the company is also not much technology proficient so it is very important to have the software packages that are user-friendly, easy to understand, easy to operate and most importantly easily available with good technical support. This is the reason the Microsoft Word and Microsoft Power- point has been recommended in the given report. Microsoft Software packages are easily available worldwide and the cost is also affordable, maintenance and support site is available 24x7, training for the Microsoft Software Packages are also readily available. Most importantly 90% of the office work is done on the Microsoft Platform using Microsoft Software Packages world- wide, so the issue of interoperability and understand ability also resolves here. According to the analysis the best software packages for the company is Microsoft Software Packages. References Csumd, (2012), Standard Features of Word Processors, www.csumd.com Della, (2010), what are the advantages of using presentation graphics software programs? What are the disadvantages? How are teachers and students using presentation, wow.mystory4msu.blogspot.in? Stu. R, Techradar.india, (2012), the best presentation software for businesses, www.techradarindia.com Study.com,(2015), Inside Information Technology, www.study.com Tec target, Presentation Software Features,(2013), www.techtarget.com Technopedia, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), www.technopedia.com John. N, The Guardian, (2012), Has Microsoft Word affected the way we work? https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jan/15/microsoft-word-processing-literature-naughton Jeffery.B , Macworld, (2014), Ten things everyone should know how to do with a word processor, https://www.macworld.com/article/2452620/ten-essential-things-you-should-know-how-to-do-in-a-word-processor.html/July 15, 2014, 4:12 AM Answer:

Corporate Governance and Organisational Structure

Question: Describe about corporate governance and organisational structure. Answer: Introduction: Corporate Governance is mainly that system according to which a company is controlled or directed. In a simple way, the Corporate Governance provides us the clearest picture of the role of the leaders of an organization that they play in the establishment of effective practices. These leaders are among the board of directors who make the long term strategy of the company in order to extract best output (Bhasa, 2015). This Corporate Governance is a very important factor behind the success of a company. At Whitbread, it covers all the business aspects. Corporate Governance and Organisational Structure: The company is maintaining the highest level of governance in order to manage transparency, loyalty and integrity within the company. Whitbread has mainly included the successful process of chairman, the Boards internal evaluation, internal, inspection of the employees role and talents, and the periodic review of the working style of board members. The company manages to review all the developments and aim for the high standard of Corporate Governance that is related to the companys growth as well. Organisational structure is a hierarchy that is used in an organization. It specifies functions, responsibilities in the organization (Abdullahi, Enyinna and Stella, 2010). Organisational structure is required to meet the companys long term goals. It defines how the work is distributed among all the employees. Whitbread has ten members in Board in which it includes the chairman, senior independent director and chief executive. Mr. Andy Harrison is the CEO of the company (Makgetlangeng, 201 0). Richard baker is the chairman of the Board. The Board of member contains diversified skills, experiences and backgrounds. Five directors pertain to retail sector, eight are from international sector, four are from financial sector, two are from travel and hospitality sector, rest is from marketing, legal, technology and human resources. The responsibility of the growth and success of the company goes to the board. The board need to ensure the effective monitoring in the risk prone areas. The chairman and the chief executives have set the rules of the duties to perform that are decided by the board. Chairman of the company is like a leader of the board. His duty is to look after the agenda of the strategy, business planning and annual budget (Kwee, 2011). Their responsibility is to maintain healthier relationships with the major shareholders of the company. He has to ensure that members of the board clearly understand the point of view of major shareholders. He ensures the open c ulture and debate around the table. He leads the annual evaluation of the board, committees and the directors. On the other hand chief executive is responsible for the performance of the company. His duty is to assure the appropriate communication with the employees and shareholders (Makgetlangeng, 2010). Chief executive focuses on the profit of the company in order to attract the shareholder value. He ensures to have a team with high competency. He ensures the placement of appropriate calibre employees to the correct place. Senior independent director supports the chairman. He also resolves the queries of the shareholders if there are any concerns and normal channels are not able to resolve the same. He is directly contactable or may be contacted through the general counsel. The executive directors devote their full time to the company. They have their own set of duties. They serve the company in their full capacity and seniority, generally on the matter of policy and key business areas (Mndzebele, 2013). The executive directors have the charge of the day to day business activities of the company. They also look after the strategy implementation and the operational activities. They are generally recruited by the Board of directors. The non executive directors are not the full time employee of the company. They do not indulge themselves in day to day running business of the company. They serve full time duties at somewhere else. They charge fees from the company for their part time services. The non executive director is responsible for the performance of the management of the company (O'CONNOR, 2012). The board is generally assisted by the committees such as Audit committee, Nomination committee and the Remuneration committee. The audit committee is liab le for the internal controls, the compliance matters, the shareholder reporting and the reporting to external auditors. The remuneration committee works upon the remuneration of the senior employees of the company. Apart from this the external directorship, insurance, training and development, evaluation, relations with the shareholders of the company also play a vital role in the Corporate Governance of Whitbread PLC (O'Regan and Ghobadian, 2010). Pest Analysis: After a great success in the UK market, Whitbread wants to expand its business in West Africa. Here we will discuss about the scope of the expansion of business in West Africa for its Premier Inn (Hotel Chain Industry). To better understand the scope for the business expansion, we will go for the PEST analysis (Parker, 2000). PEST analysis is basically a business tool that is used for the measurement of the scope. It is a brainstorming exercise which helps to find out the pros and cons for the setup of a business in a specific area. West Africa geography is a democratic constitutional republic. The region is the fastest growing in the world. There is a lot of difference between the old West Africa and the new West Africa is famous for Petrol and natural Gas. It has a huge business scope. Ghana in West Africa is the worlds largest Gold and Diamond producer and the second largest place for the production of cocoa in the world. Nigeria is also famous for its oil production (Schneider an d Fassin, 2012). Political Environment: The political issues have not greater impact on the hotel industry as its impact is very short term. The Political analysis explains that the demand of Hotels in West Africa is quickly recovered even after political instability, as it had not affected the economy, buying behaviour of consumers, servicing of product etc. Most of the countries in West Africa have political stability. It is worth to expand the Hotel chains here. However the geography is moving towards the stable political environment, but due to the poor structure, the corruption is a significant problem. Anti corruption laws are not implemented successfully yet (Sibanda, 2012). The effect of political disturbance is comparatively less from economical instability in the Hotel Industry. However the political disruptions all depend upon the diplomatic media, travelling and perception of consumers. Economic Environment: The downturn or uplift in the economic situation is one of the most challenging situations for the Hoteliers. They must need to balance the cash flow related to short term needs and price, product and services as well. As it is an on-going process for each and every location. It is no harm to start up the new chain in the continent like West Africa where economy has up and downs. West Africa was trapped with the crisis recently. Despite the crisis, the macroeconomic view is very motivational to invest in West Africa. It has managed to achieve six percent of growth in 2014 that is already the two points more from the continental average. The growth is now expected to be at 6.1 % in 2016, followed by 5% in 2015. Nigeria growth has touched the figure of 6.3%. Cote de voire is at 8.3% of GDP in 2014 (Sylla, 2014). Niger, Togo and Benin have sustainable growth. In Ghana economy is little bit contracted. The continent has some challenges ahead, but it also has the brighter prospects. Even against all the unfavourable condition it has the appreciable dynamism. Nigeria is providing free trade zones to the investors. Moreover According to The Companies Income tax Act has been modified in order to attract investors for the investment in the country. Relief in tax is also a facility for research and development in West African countries. Social Environment: The population is on a very higher side in West Africa. It may be taken as opportunity for the Whitbread as the manpower may get available at cheaper rate. The continent is facing the issues at the highest level in terms of the composition of the population. (Devereux and White, 2010). The increasing population and the trend of urbanisation are basically the reason for change in the social environment in West Africa. At the very start of the 20th century the population in West Africa was about 118 million that was 7.4% of the world population. In 1980 to 2000 it had reached to 797 million, which is 13 % of the globes population. By 2020, it is expected to grow like anything. The growth is 3.5% per annum in terms of population, which is highest in the world (Williamson, 2015). This fastest growth in population and urbanisation has resulted into the degradation of the environment and depletion of resources. The natural resources are limited while users are increasing day by day. In the last 20 years, The Africans generation has got younger. They are posing the new hurdles to the ecosystem. So, the availability of the young generation in West Africa is a positive sign for the plan of establish business of hotel industry in the region as the manpower is the primary requirement in order to setup a business. Technological environment: Most of the countries like Ghana, Nigeria are very strong via technology. Young generation is skilled enough. There is no need for the outsourcing of skilled employees for the Hotel chain. It would be smooth enough to run a business in the continent where the employees are easily available as the availability of the manpower direct affects the profitability of the business. Most of the West African countries are searching for the upcoming opportunities posed by the latest technology. The countries in the West Africa have recognised about the value for ICT, It will not only help to stimulate the economy but it is also helpful in managing the environment. The countries are also investing in the same. For an example Ghana is utilising ICT in order to facilitate the environment in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (Opio-Odongo and Woodsworth 2010). The West Africa is a continent that consists diversified countries. It is enriched with the technological aspect. In Ghana, Eight public u niversities are there for science and technology, mines and technology etc (Collins, 2013). That is why in lack of the job opportunities, migration is taking place in West African countries (Cobanoglu, Dede and Poorani, 2011). Business expansion in terms of Hotel series will flourish as technology; especially in the telecom industry is very fast in West African countries Competitive Environment: According to World Bank report the regional actors mainly the community related to economy of West African countries are playing significant role. The World Bank says that the development policies are playing a critical role in bringing stability in West African continent. It includes better management of land, improve in managing the migrants. Eight global chain hotels like Marriott, Sheraton, Hilton, Radisson, Kempinski etc. are already available in the market of West Africa. The situation of the hotel in the West Africa is not so good and this can be taken as a golden opportunity for Whitbread to start a new Hotel industry in West Africa. Country Cte dIvoire is probably leading to an investment scope. It has a number of international hotels but some of them need to be refurnished and reframed (Hutchison, 2011). On the other hand the Ghanas economy is the fastest growing economy. It also possesses a large number of hotels, but some of them are not up to the level of the travel and tourism. In fact, they are considered as a lack of quality accommodation. Even some people are lending their houses to the tourists. Both the countries present opportunities to the new comers in hotel industry. Nigeria is the most popular country of West Africa (KU, 2014). It also has ample of international chain hotels. Some of them are under constructions. Still the customers demand is not getting fulfilled. They are not getting the affordable and luxurious room with the best services. The rates are on higher side for a common man. It also reflects the opportunities on the rivalry prospective to enter in the continent like West Africa. The relatively young population is continuously attracting the foreign investors. Same is the story of Togo. Togo has small hotels. Through which few are graded. Hence the Premier Inn the graded hotel series has a wider scope in West Africa. The boutique hotel concept is the biggest threat to the Whitbread. The initiative the boutique hotel is stepp ing in Ghanas sector of hotels. Apart from this the chained hotels like Radisson, Marriot; Sheraton, etc. are also a threat for the Whitbread PLC. The trend of providing the homes to the visitors on rent for a few days is also a challenging issue for the hotel industry in West Africa. The rent would be very cheap for the consumer as compare to the Hotel rooms. The Whitbread PLC is seeking to expand its business in West Africa. After attaining the target market in the UK and China, the company is exploring business in another region. There are a lot of challenges that the company has to face due to its competitors. The Hotel Industry is continuously going through instability and uncertainty for some time. It has to be operative in the consumer driven environment. A cut throat competition is prevailing in Hotel Industry now days. Hotels are called the complicated organisation that creates value for their customers and investors with the services and the latest technology. Travel and t ourism are on the high side in West Africa that is why the expansion of the Hotel Industry Premier Inn is a wise decision of Whitbread in West Africa. The performances of Hotels are not only driven by the services they offered to their clients it is also linked to the parallel sectors such as tourism, airlines, travel company, the seasonal demand, etc. For decades West Africa remained a prime attraction for the visitors due to the game reserves. The commercial countries of continent like Nigeria, Ghana lacks the number of rooms for the visitors. The demand is more than supply. Even the regional business man who visits the region for the business is paying too much for his stay. Hoteliers are even worried because they are not able to meet the demand. They are flying here and there for the tie up with others in this regard. Even Marriotts has dealt with Protea, Which later on established as the Africas biggest Chain of Hotels. Recommendations: The international hotel series face an issue of language. The continent contains a population of approx one billion people that are split into several countries. Each country has their own mother tongue, which means a number of legal systems and languages. This is a little bit difficult for the new entrant. As discussed earlier, there is incentives and even tax rebate in Nigeria for the foreign investments. In West Africa, Foreign investments are always welcomed, but some restrictions are there in selected sectors. Some Countries in West Africa are planning to develop new economic sectors in order to avoid the economical up and down. The privatization is taking place on the continent. They are creating a legal framework for the management of the wealth of the countries. Further their motto is to hedge the import and export in order to maintain stability in micro economic. In this dynamic and interconnected environment, Whitbread needs to be prepared for the upcoming business distract ions. A risk management strategy should be there to survive in a continent like West Africa. The Hotel industry is totally dependent upon the socio economic environment, political environment and other environmental factors. Preparing for an unpredictable shock is advisable to the organisation. Identification of the risk is very important for a newcomer (Barreda and Bilgihan, 2013). The company should plan how to respond to the uncertainty. Thus in order to the continuity of business the planning of frame work is very important to minimise the risk. The management should have an entrepreneurial and strategic approach to move ahead in the market in order to increase market share. The healthy relations with the Government and regulators of the continent are necessary as a part of the financial and fiscal support. In order to conclude, as per the detailed study of PEST analysis, the Corporate Governance and Organisational structure of the company, the threats by rivals and the substitu tes, being a consultant it is always advisable for Whitbread to expand its business in international market of WestAfrica (Basedau and Pierskalla, 2014). Conclusion: In the above detailed study, we have discussed about the political, economical, social and technological environment in the continent West Africa. As per economical environment now the situation is better than before. The political situation is also stable, when we talk about the technology sector. Mainly there are two types of technology companies in West Africa. One set of the company includes the relations with the traditional government sectors. The second type of companies is the high technology company that provides the services for food production, energy, health care etc. The fact is that they are comparatively less experienced company with their professional experience. About the socio economic environment, the population of West Africa is on very higher side. The mass of the young generation is suffering from HIV/AIDS. The migration is very common in West Africa. Education level is also comparatively low. This cannot be considered as a hurdle for the Hotel Industry as if th e region is losing the skilled profession due to the migration. It is also receiving unskilled manpower on cheaper rates. West Africa has become a battle ground of the new comer hotel. References Abdullahi, M., Enyinna, O. and Stella, A. (2010). Transparency in Corporate Governance: A Comparative Study of Enron, USA and Cadbury PLC, Nigeria.The Social Sciences, 5(6), pp.471-476. Barreda, A. and Bilgihan, A. (2013). An analysis of userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ generated content for hotel experiences.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 4(3), pp.263-280. Basedau, M. and Pierskalla, J. (2014). How ethnicity conditions the effect of oil and gas on civil conflict: A spatial analysis of Africa from 1990 to 2010.Political Geography, 38, pp.1-11. Bhasa, M. (20[o15). BUMI Plc: Case of Contrasting Governance Cultures?.South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases, 4(2), pp.240-250. Cobanoglu, C., Dede, P. and Poorani, A. (2011). An Analysis of Skills and Competencies of Full Service Hotel Technology Managers.Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 6(4), pp.19-35. Collins, J. (2010). WHITBREAD PLC v TIMOTHY JOHN FALLA.European Law Reports, 5(2), pp.150-164. Devereux, S. and White, P. (2010). Social Protection in Africa: Evidence, Politics and Rights.Poverty Public Policy, 2(3), pp.516-540. Devereux, S. and White, P. (2010). Social Protection in Africa: Evidence, Politics and Rights.Poverty Public Policy, 2(3), pp.516-540. Gmbaro, A., Fiszman, S., Gimnez, A., Varela, P. and Salvador, A. (2014). Consumer Acceptability Compared with Sensory and Instrumental Measures of White Pan Bread: Sensory Shelf-life Estimation by Survival Analysis.Journal of Food Science, 69(9), pp.S401-S405. Hutchison, M. (2011). Territorial Threat and the Decline of Political Trust in Africa: A Multilevel Analysis.Polity, 43(4), pp.432-461. KU, E. (2014). FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION AND SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN HOTEL INDUSTRY: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS.Int. J. Info. Tech. Dec. Mak., 13(01), pp.175-196. Kwee, Z. (2011). The influence of top management teams corporate governance orientation on strategic renewal trajectories: a longitudinal analysis of Royal Dutch Shell plc, 1907-2014.Strategic Direction, 27(11). Makgetlangeng, S. (2010). South African Economic and Trade Policy in Africa: A Critical Analysis.African Journal of Political Science, 8(2). Mndzebele, N. (2013). Attitudes of Hotel Managers Towards EC in South Africa.IJIET, pp.63-66. Moon, T., Whitbread, P. and Dortmans, P. (2013). Portfolio analysis for defense: taking account of networking.Defense Security Analysis, 29(1), pp.76-84. O'CONNOR, P. (2012). AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF HOTEL CHAIN ONLINE PRICING STRATEGIES.Information Technology Tourism, 5(2), pp.65-72. O'Regan, N. and Ghobadian, A. (2010). A serial successful strategic transformer of businesses.Journal of Strategy and Mgt, 3(1), pp.72-78. Parker, A. (2000). Acquisition Integration A Formula for Success: The Integration of Swallow into the Whitbread Hotel Company.Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(3), pp.281-286. Schneider, H. and Fassin, D. (2012). Denial and defiance: a socio-political analysis of AIDS in South Africa.AIDS, 16, pp.S45-S51. Sibanda, O. (2012). Social pain and social death: poor white stigma in post-apartheid South Africa, a case of West Bank in East London.Anthropology Southern Africa, 35(3-4), pp.81-90. Sylla, N. (2014). From a marginalised to an emerging Africa? A critical analysis.Review of African Political Economy, 41(sup1), pp.S7-S25. Williamson, B. (2015). Digital methodologies of education governance: Pearson plc and the remediation of methods.European Educational Research Journal, 15(1), pp.34-53.